Radio and Soft Ware - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1529 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT: This is the world of VLSI . Presently all most all the people are using technology in various forms like mobiles, i-pods, i-phones etc. , Every one enjoys technology but only a few know about VLSI design in world design and its working. Coming to VLSI it is the process of creating integrated circuits by combing 1000`s of transistor based circuits in to a single chip. It began 1970`s when complex semi conductors and communication technologies were being developed, But now it has become key to many sophisticated electronic devices. As the subject is a big ocean we laid our emphasis on VLSI chip coupled with SDR technology used in mobiles. VLSI technology makes the mobile affordable and SDR technology make its flexible. Coming to the role of soft ware define radio abbreviated as SDR, it helps one to access different net works like CDMA, GSM, WILL etc. Basically SDR is radio communication system which can potentially tune to any frequency band and received any modula tion across a large frequency spectrum by means of little hard ware as possible and process it signals through soft ware. VLSI CHIP [pic] This paper introduces the basic design of SDR, use of VLSI chips in mobiles and their working principles. KEYWORDS:- 1. VLSI Very large scale integration 2. SDR Soft ware defined Radio 3. R. F Radio Frequency 4. I. F -intermediate frequency INTRODUCTION Tele communication industry is one of the highly developed segment which is dependent on VLSI technology. SDR also plays a prominent role in the mobile communication VLSI helps in reducing the size and price of the mobile where as SDR increases the flexibility of the mobile. Existing networks in telecommunication can be classified into two major types ) GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) b) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) These networks differ in their accessing frequencies. The problem encountered while using these network is, both these networks can not be accessed from the same hand set. Now a days dual SIM card phones have been developed using SDR. Soft ware radio provides solution by using super heterodyne radio frequency front end. Soft ware defined radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time. The following segments introduce the use of VLSI and SDR, their working principles, advantages and disadvantages [pic] VLSI technology :- Most of the student are exposed to ICs at a very basic level involving SSI and MSI circuits like multiplexers, encoders, decoders etc. VLSI is the next stage of SSI and MSI. This field involves packing more and more logic devices into smaller and smaller areas. Particularly in this era of Nano technology simplicity plays a very prominent role for any device. This is possible by using VLSI design. But this design involves a lot of expertise in many fronts like system architecture, logic and circuit design way f or fabrication etc. A lot of knowledge is required for the actual implementation and design of VLSI. Digital VLSI circuits are predominantly CMOS based. The way normal blocks like latches and gates are implemented is different from what students have seen so far, but the behaviour remains the same. All the miniaturization involves new things to consider. A lot of thought has to go into actual implementations as well as design. Let us look at some of the factors involved. 1. Circuit Delays. Large complicated circuits running at very high frequencies have one big problem to tackle the problem of delays in propagation of signals through gates and wires even for areas a few micrometers across! The operation speed is so large that as the delays add up, they can actually become comparable to the clock speeds. 2. Power. Another effect of high operation frequencies is increased consumption of power. This has two-fold effect devices consume batteries faster, and heat dissipation increa ses. Coupled with the fact that surface areas have decreased, heat poses a major threat to the stability of the circuit itself. . Layout. Laying out the circuit components is task common to all branches of electronics. What’s so special in our case is that there are many possible ways to do this; there can be multiple layers of different materials on the same silicon, there can be different arrangements of the smaller parts for the same component and so on. The power dissipation and speed in a circuit present a trade-off; if we try to optimize on one, the other is affected. The choice between the two is determined by the way we chose the layout the circuit components. Layout can also affect the fabrication of VLSI chips, making it either easy or difficult to implement the components on the silicon. Most of the today’s VLSI designs are classified into 3 categories Analog :- Small transistor counts circuits such as amplifiers, data converters ,sensors etc. , Applicat ion Specific integrated circuits :- Progress in the fabrication of ICs has enabled us to create fast and powerful circuits in smaller and smaller devices. This also means we can pack a lot more of functionality in the same area. This is key for design of ASIC`s . Systems on chip :- These are highly complex mixed signal circuits (digital analog on the same chip). Mobiles developed by using all the above VLSI designs will be simple as they contain a large number of transistors on one chip, more ever they become cheap. Thus VLSI makes the mobiles compact, affordable and energy efficient. Role of SDR in mobiles:- Frequency is an important term in the operation any networks. Cell phones are categorized in to CDMA and GSM based on this principle. CDMA operate with in a frequency range of 1 MHz to 800 MHz. GSM operates for a frequency range of 900 MHz to 1900 MHz. Thus both these networks can not be access for a single hand set. To solve this problem soft ware defined radio is devel oped. SDR can tune to any frequency band and relieve any modification across a large frequency spectrum . [pic] Operating principles of SDR:- There are two concepts in the working of SDR, one is ideal and other is practical. Ideal concept:- The receiver has an analog attached to digital converter and this is attached to the antenna. A digital signal processor would read the converter and its soft ware would transform the stream of data form the converter to any other form it requires. An ideal transmitter is of the similar type. A digital signal processor would generate a stream of numbers which will be sent to a digital to analog converter connected to the radio antenna. But this ideal stream is not completely realizable. Practical concept :- Current digital electronics are too slow to receive tropical radio signal over approximately 40 MHz directly. An ideal soft ware radio has to collect and process samples at more than twice the maximum frequency at which it is to operate for frequencies below 40 MHz a direct conversion hard ware solution is required. In this hard ware solution an ADC converter is directly connected to antenna. The output stream of digital data obtained from analog to digital converter is then passed to a soft ware defined processing stage for frequencies above 40 MHz . The actual analog to digital converter does not perform with sufficient speed, so direct conversion is not possible. To solve this problem a super heterodyne RF front end is adopted. Super heterodyne:- It consist of frequency mixer and reference oscillator to heterodyne the radio signals to lower frequencies. The mixer changes the frequency of the signal. The Super heterodyne RF front end lower the frequency of the received to intermediate frequency values under 40 MHz convertible limit. This intermediate frequency is then treated by ADC. Thus by using same mobile both the frequencies corresponding to GSM CDMA networks can be accessed. ADVANTAGES:- 1. Lower packag e count. 2. Low board space. 3. Fewer board level connections. 4. Higher performance. 5. Reliability and lower cost due to the lower chip count DISADVANTAGES:- 1. Long design. 2. Long fabrication time. 3. Higher risk project. 4. Spiking problem. 5. Leakage of power. However, CMOS transistor can reduce most of the problems. CONCLUSION :- If we take geographical conditions into account, some networks will be advantageous in one part of the world and the other at some other places. Using different phones for this purpose will be some what inconvenient. So having ability to use all the networks will be a welcome always. With the advent of SDR one needs just one set to access different networks, thereby, providing flexibility. Dual Simcards phones developed based on SDR technology have gained good response. In countries like India, price place an important role in determining the demand for a particular product, and also interest towards compact and simple devices is increasing day by day. In this context a lot of progress has been made in the circuit design. As VLSI has succeeded in reducing the cost and also making the product efficient it has gained a lot of craze. Most of the companies are producing the product based on single chip design. REFERENCES :- www. wikipedia . com www. google. com [pic] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Radio and Soft Ware" essay for you Create order

Research Proposal on Aging Mind and Memory - 3142 Words

Aging mind and memory Customer Inserts His/Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name Writer Inserts Date Here (7, 12, 2010) Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Objectives 5 Methods 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion 11 Literature review 13 Appendix 17 Bibliography 18 abstract The research aims at determining the affect of dementia on the lives of individuals and how it impacts on their social interactions. The research will also identify the ways in which aging individuals can refrain themselves from falling prey to this disease. It will highlight some important information for caregivers who will better understand this disease and will know how to deal with people who have this disease. As we all†¦show more content†¦Dr Frisina has noticed this change in him as well as in other aging individuals he counsels. (Mares-Perlman JA, 1998) The slow processing of sensations in the brain due to aging, reflect the cause why so many older adults find it difficult to talk or make any speech in noisy environments. Older adults with â€Å"normal† hearing also face the same circumstance. There are a lot of books and studies which tell us that as a person grows older certain personality disorders develop. These Personality disorders are reflected in their interpersonal skills also that older people tend to give unexpected responses to clinical treatment. Patients with such personality disorders are often described in as difficult. (Committee, 2005) According to the recent studies the older people as compared to the youth are becoming more economically and demographically attractive. However, there are costs of an aging population that the society bears as a whole. (Andrews, 2009) Our society nowadays discriminates the elderly and they are being ill treated. However Primitive agrarian cultures very existence depended upon the knowledge earned from experience, valued their elders, but even they were o moved to killing the non productive members of society because of harsh conditions of subsistence living. (Carroll Estes, 2009) As the population continues to grow older age and life expectancy increases. As a result continued awareness, study and research concerningShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal on Aging Mind and Memory3134 Words   |  13 PagesAging mind and memory Customer Inserts His/Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name Writer Inserts Date Here (7, 12, 2010) Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Objectives 5 Methods 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion 11 Literature review 13 Appendix 17 Bibliography 18 abstract The research aims at determining the affect of dementia on the lives of individuals and how it impacts on their social interactions. The research will also identifyRead MoreCognitive Therapy and the Elderly2798 Words   |  12 PagesProblem Statement: Magnitude of Problem: Aging is an occurrence we are all familiar with, a trait characteristic of all mankind. According to the U.S. Census Bureau s, the elderly population will more than double between now and the year 2050. By 2050, as many as 1 in 5 Americans will be elderly; and as the United States elderly population increases, so does the need for diverse health care (National Institute of Health, 2003). Moreover, it is estimated that 18 to 25 percent of elder adultRead MoreThe Aging Memory: A Research on Working Memory and Recall Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesThe aging memory: short-term memory and recall performance differences found in age groups. 1. Introduction The following research proposal aims to continue to further the discussion and study into human memory. However, specifically more into the difference that can be found between age groups in terms of short-term memory and recall performance. Motivation to undertake in such a study can be said to expand on the existing knowledge as well as to close any gaps due to lack of insight and testingRead MoreBodies and Minds2165 Words   |  9 PagesHow do our bodies and minds change from early to late adulthood? Joshua Lansberry Ashford University PSY 304 Lifespan Development Prof. Pamela Vincent May 18, 2015 How do our bodies and minds change from early to late adulthood? As we age does our mind simply begin to deteriorate in the same fashion as our body does in regards to it physical capabilities? Have you wondered what affect does peri and post-menopause have inRead MoreThe Human Organ That Leaves Developmental Biologists1725 Words   |  7 Pagesadvanced treatments for current financially draining disorders. One of the biggest dreads facing neuroscientists and modern day economists is that the US population is aging. Aging brings forth a tidal wave of neurodegenerative disease and the financial burden of more than $100 billion yearly (â€Å"Society for Neuroscience† 1). Clinical research and medicine has gone so far over the centuries that the human life expectancy has just about tripled. But there is always a catch. Diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’sRead MoreWe Are On The Precipice Of Great And Drastic Change Essay2486 Words   |  10 Pagesvalues. Transhumanists throw their weight behind the development of technologies that will upgrade the human physical abilities, intellect, and psychological abilities, even stop the aging process. Overtime, all the adjustments that people will be making to their body such as, sight enhancement, brain enhancement, memory upgrade, strength and so on will inevitably lead to â€Å"posthumans.† As (Schneider, 2016) describes, â€Å"posthumans are possible future beings, ―whose basic capacities so radically exceedRead MoreElderly Care Ministry Proposal6882 Words   |  28 PagesELDERLY CARE MINISTRY PROPOSAL We are grateful to our church elders for recognizing the need to minister to the elderly people who reside in our community’s assisted living facility, and for their desire to impact the residents, their families and over time the community at large with the love of Jesus Christ. We appreciate the confidence and support bestowed upon us in designing a ministry plan to care for both member and non-member elderly residents. It is our goal to establish a ministryRead MoreAge and Language Learning3118 Words   |  13 Pagesefficiently. Furthermore, there is no loss of language ability or language learning ability over time. Age is not a detriment to language learning, and by all accounts, learning a second (or third etc) language actually keeps the older language learners mind active. People of all ages can benefit from learning languages. It is generally believed that younger learners have certain advantages over older learners in language learning. The common notion is that younger children learn L2 easily and quicklyRead MoreStone Creek Vineyards Analysis5488 Words   |  22 Pagesownership and financing responsibilities. Together we will continue to build our brands, expand our production and distribution, and move towards producing fine wines for the higher end of the premium market segment.† This was the essence of the proposal made by Mr. Arthur Malone and a small group of investors to Sally and Nancy Stone, majority owners of Stone Creek Vineyards. He had contacted the Stones after hearing from a mutual acquaintance that they were interested in exploring financial optionsRead MoreImplementing A Dementia Care Programme For Patients With Dementia Within Hospitals3532 Words   |  15 Pagesto increase the quality of life by supporting them to increase standards of care and patient outcomes. 1.3 This initiative is investigated based on government policies, National Clinical Care guidelines. 1.4 The implementation of change of this proposal will be based on the PLAN-DO-STUDY-ACT cycle to ensure a successful approach to the change. 1.5 By focusing on existing strategies, the report proposes a combination of management and behavioural changes by: - A multidisciplinary team is a key component

Intermediate Accounting 14th Chapter 5 Free Essays

string(47) " should be shown as such in the balance sheet\." Questions 1. The balance sheet provides information about the nature and amounts of investments in enterprise resources, obligations to enterprise creditors, and the owners’ equity in net enterprise resources. That information not only complements information about the components of income, but also contributes to financial reporting by providing a basis for (1) computing rates of return, (2) evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise, and (3) assessing the liquidity and financial flexibility of the enterprise. We will write a custom essay sample on Intermediate Accounting 14th Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Solvency refers to the ability of an enterprise to pay its debts as they mature. For example, when a company carries a high level of long-term debt relative to assets, it has lower solvency. Information on long-term obligations, such as long-term debt and notes payable, in comparison to total assets can be used to assess resources that will be needed to meet these fixed obligations (such as interest and principal payments). 3. Financial flexibility is the ability of an enterprise to take effective actions to alter the amounts and timing of cash flows so it can respond to unexpected needs and opportunities. An enterprise with a high degree of financial flexibility is better able to survive bad times, to recover from unexpected setbacks, and to take advantage of profitable and unexpected investment opportunities. Generally, the greater the financial flexibility, the lower the risk of enterprise failure. 4. Some situations in which estimates affect amounts reported in the balance sheet include: (a)allowance for doubtful accounts. (b)depreciable lives and estimated salvage values for plant and equipment. (c)warranty returns. d)determining the amount of revenues that should be recorded as unearned. 5. An increase in inventories increases current assets, which is in the numerator of the current ratio. Therefore, inventory increases will increase the current ratio. In general, an increase in the current ratio indicates a company has better liquidity, since there are more current assets relative to current liabilities. 6. Liquidity describes the amount of time that is expected to elapse until an asset is converted into cash or until a liability has to be paid. The ranking of the assets given in order of liquidity is: (1) (d) Short-term investments. (2) (e) Accounts receivable. (3) (b) Inventory. (4) (c) Buildings. (5) (a) Goodwill. 7. The major limitations of the balance sheet are: (a)The values stated are generally historical and not at fair value. (b)Estimates have to be used in many instances, such as in the determination of collectibility of receivables or finding the approximate useful life of long-term tangible and intangible assets. c)Many items, even though they have financial value to the business, presently are not recorded. One example is the value of a company’s human resources. 8. Some items of value to technology companies such as Intel or IBM are the value of research and development (new products that are being developed but which are not yet marketable), the value of the â€Å"intellectual capital† of its workforce (the ability of the companies’ employees to come up with new ideas and products in the f ast changing technology industry), and the value of the company reputation or name brand (e. . , the â€Å"Intel Inside† logo). In most cases, the reasons why the value of these items are not recorded in the balance sheet concern the lack of faithful representation of the estimates of the future cash flows that will be generated by these â€Å"assets† (for all three types) and the ability to control the use of the asset (in the case of employees). Being able to reliably measure the expected future benefits and to control the use of an item are essential elements of the definition of an asset, according to the Conceptual Framework. 9. Classification in financial statements helps users by grouping items with similar characteristics and separating items with different characteristics. Current assets are expected to be converted to cash within one year or one operating cycle, whichever is longer—property, plant and equipment will provide cash inflows over a longer period of time. Thus, separating long-term assets from current assets facilitates computation of useful ratios such as the current ratio. 10. Separate amounts should be reported for accounts receivable and notes receivable. The amounts should be reported gross, and an amount for the allowance for doubtful accounts should be deducted. The amount and nature of any nontrade receivables, and any amounts designated or pledged as collateral, should be clearly identified. 11. No. Available-for-sale securities should be reported as a current asset only if management expects to convert them into cash as needed within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer. If available-for-sale securities are not held with this expectation, they should be reported as long-term investments. 2. The relationship between current assets and current liabilities is that current liabilities are those obligations that are reasonably expected to be liquidated either through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities. 13. The total selling price of the season tickets is $20,000,000 (10,000 X $2,000). Of this amount, $8,000,000 has been earned by 12/31/12 (16/40 X $20,000,000). The remaining $12,000 ,000 should be reported as unearned revenue, a current liability in the 12/31/12 balance sheet (24/40 X $20,000,000). 14. Working capital is the excess of total current assets over total current liabilities. This excess is sometimes called net working capital. Working capital represents the net amount of a company’s relatively liquid resources. That is, it is the liquidity buffer available to meet the financial demands of the operating cycle. 15. (a)Shareholders’ Equity. â€Å"Treasury stock (at cost). † (b)Current Assets. Included in â€Å"Cash. † (c)Investments. â€Å"Land held as an investment. † (d)Investments. â€Å"Sinking fund. † (e)Long-term debt (adjunct account to bonds payable). Unamortized premium on bonds payable. † (f)Intangible Assets. â€Å"Copyrights. † (g)Investments. â€Å"Employees’ pension fund,† with subcaptions of â€Å"Cash† and â€Å"Securities† if desired. (Assumes that the company still owns these assets. ) (h)Shareholders’ Equity. â€Å"Premium on capital stock† or â€Å"Addition al paid-in capital. † (i)Investments. Nature of investments should be given together with parenthetical information as follows: â€Å"pledged to secure loans payable to banks. † 16. (a)Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable should be deducted from accounts receivable in current assets. b)Merchandise held on consignment should not appear on the consignee’s balance sheet except possibly as a note to the financial statements. (c)Advances received on sales contract are normally a current liability and should be shown as such in the balance sheet. You read "Intermediate Accounting 14th Chapter 5" in category "Essay examples" (d)Cash surrender value of life insurance should be shown as a long-term investment. (e)Land should be reported in property, plant, and equipment unless held for investment. (f)Merchandise out on consignment should be shown among current assets under the heading of inventories. (g)Franchises should be itemized in a section for intangible asset s. h)Accumulated depreciation of plant and equipment should be deducted from the plant and equipment accounts. (i)Materials in transit should not be shown on the balance sheet of the buyer, if purchased f. o. b. destination. 17. (a)Trade accounts receivable should be stated at their estimated amount collectible, often referred to as net realizable value. The method most generally followed is to deduct from the total accounts receivable the amount of the allowance for doubtful accounts. (b)Land is generally stated in the balance sheet at cost. (c)Inventories are generally stated at the lower of cost or market. d)Trading securities (consisting of common stock of other companies) are stated at fair value. (e)Prepaid expenses should be stated at cost less the amount apportioned to and written off over the previous accounting periods. 18. Assets are defined as probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. If a building is leased under a capital lease, the future economic benefits of using the building are controlled by the lessee (tenant) as the result of a past event (the signing of a lease agreement). 19. Battle is incorrect. Retained earnings is a source of assets, but is not an asset itself. For example, even though the funds obtained from issuing a note payable are invested in the business, the note payable is not reported as an asset. It is a source of assets, but it is reported as a liability because the company has an obligation to repay the note in the future. Similarly, even though the earnings are invested in the business, retained earnings is not reported as an asset. It is reported as part of shareholders’ equity because it is, in effect, an investment by owners which increases the ownership interest in the assets of an entity. 20. The notes should appear as long-term liabilities with full disclosure as to their terms. Each year, as the profit is determined, notes of an amount equal to two-thirds of the year’s profits should be transferred from the long-term liabilities to current liabilities until all of the notes have been liquidated. 21. The purpose of a statement of cash flows is to provide relevant information about the cash receipts and cash payments of an enterprise during a period. It differs from the balance sheet and the income statement in that it reports the sources and uses of cash by operating, investing, and financing activity classifications. While the income statement and the balance sheet are accrual basis statements, the statement of cash flows is a cash basis statement—noncash items are omitted. 22. The difference between these two amounts may be due to increases in current assets (e. g. , an increase in accounts receivable from a sale on account would result in an increase in revenue and net income but have no effect yet on cash). Similarly a cash payment that results in a decrease in an existing current liability (e. g. , accounts payable would decrease cash provided by operations without affecting net income). 3. The difference between these two amounts could be due to noncash charges that appear in the income statement. Examples of noncash charges are depreciation, depletion, and amortization of intangibles. Expenses recorded but unpaid (e. g. , increase in accounts payable) and collection of previously recorded sales on credit (i. e. , now decreasing accounts receivable) also would cause cash provided by o perating activities to exceed net income. 24. Operating activities involve the cash effects of transactions that enter into the determination of net income. Investing activities include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt and equity instruments; property, plant, and equipment and intangibles. Financing activities involve liability and owners’ equity items and include obtaining capital from owners and providing them with a return on (dividends) and a return of their investment and borrowing money from creditors and repaying the amounts borrowed. 25. (a)Net income is adjusted downward by deducting $5,000 from $90,000 and reporting cash provided by operating activities as $85,000. (b)The issuance of the preferred stock is a financing activity. The issuance is reported as follows: Cash flows from financing activities Issuance of preferred stock| $1,150,000| (c)| Net income is adjusted as follows:| | | Cash flows from operating activities| | | Net income| $90,000| | Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:| | | Depreciation expense| 14,000| | Premium amortization| (5,000)| | Net cash provided by operating activities| $99,000| (d)The increase of $20,000 reflects an investing activity. The increase in Land is reported as follows: Cash flows from investing activities: Investment in Land| $(20,000)| 26. The company appears to have good liquidity and reasonable financial flexibility. Its current cash debt coverage ratio is 1. 20, which indicates that it can pay off its current liabilities in a given year from its operation. In addition its cash debt coverage ratio is also good at . 80 which indicates it can pay off approximately 80% of its debt out of current operations 27. Free cash flow = $860,000 – $75,000 – $30,000 = $755,000. 28. Free cash flow is net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and dividends. The purpose of free cash flow analysis is to determine the amount of discretionary cash flow a company has for purchasing additional investments, retiring its debt, purchasing treasury stock, or simply adding to its liquidity and financial flexibility. 29. Some of the techniques of disclosure for the balance sheet are: (a)Parenthetical explanations. (b)Notes to the financial statements. (c)Cross references and contra items. (d)Supporting schedules. 30. A note entitled â€Å"Summary of Significant Accounting Policies† would indicate the basic accounting principles used by that enterprise. This note should be very useful from a comparative standpoint, since it should be easy to determine whether the company uses the same accounting policies as other companies in the same industry. 31. General debt obligations, lease contracts, pension arrangements and stock option plans are four items for which disclosure is mandatory in the financial statements. The reason for disclosing these contractual situations is that these commitments are of a long-term nature, are often significant in amount, and are very important to the company’s well-being. 32. The profession has recommended that the use of the word â€Å"surplus† be discontinued in balance sheet presentations of owners’ equity. This term has a connotation outside accounting that is quite different from its meaning in the accounts or in the balance sheet. The use of the terms capital surplus, paid-in surplus, and earned surplus is confusing to the non-accountant and leads to misinterpretation. Brief Exercise 1. Current assets| | | Cash| | $ 30,000| Accounts receivable| $110,000| | Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts| 8,000| 102,000| Inventory| | 290,000| Prepaid insurance| | 9,500| Total current assets| | $431,500| Exercise (a)If the investment in preferred stock is readily marketable and held primarily for sale in the near term to generate income on short-term price differences, then the account should appear as a current asset and be included with trading investments. If, on the other hand, the preferred stock is not a trading security, it should be classified as available-for-sale. Available for sale securities are classified as current or non-current depending upon the circumstances. (b)If the company accounts for the treasury stock on the cost basis, the account should properly be shown as a reduction of total shareholders’ equity. c)Shareholders’ equity. (d)Current liability. (e)Property, plant, and equipment (as a deduction). (f)If an asset in process of construction is being constructed for another party, it is properly classified as an inventory account in the current asset section. This account will be shown net of any billings on the contract. On the other hand, if the asset is being constructed for the use of this particular company, it should be classified as a separate item in the property, plant, and equipment section. (g)Current asset. (h)Current liability. (i)Retained earnings. j)Current asset. (k)Current liability. 4. GULISTAN INC. | Balance Sheet| December 31, 20XX| Assets| Current assets| | | | Cash| $XXX| | | Less: Cash restricted for plant expansion| XXX| $XXX| | Accounts receivable| XXX| | | Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts| XXX| XXX| | Notes receivable| | XXX| | Receivables—officers| | XXX| | Inventories| | | | Finished goods| XXX| | | Work in process| XXX| | | Raw materials| XXX| XXX| | Total current assets| | | $XXX| | | | | Long-term investments| | | | Preferred stock investments| | XXX| | Land held for future plant site| | XXX| | Cash restricted for plant expansion| | XXX| | Total long-term investments| | | XXX| | | | | Property, plant, and equipment| | | | Buildings| | XXX| | Less: Accum. depreciation— buildings| | XXX| XXX| | | | | Intangible assets| | | | Copyrights| | | XXX| Total assets| | | $XXX| Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity| Current liabilities| | | | | Salaries and wages payable| | $XXX| | | Notes payable, short-term| | XXX| | | Unearned subscriptions revenue| | XXX| | | Unearned rent revenue| | XXX| | | Total current liabilities| | | | $XXX| | | | | | Long-term debt| | | | | Bonds payable, due in four years| | | $XXX| | Less: Discount on bonds payable| | | (XXX)| XXX| Total liabilities| | | | XXX| | | | | | Stockholders’ equity| | | | | Capital stock:| | | | | Common stock| | XXX| | | Additional paid-in capital:| | | | | Paid in capital in excess of par—common stock| | XXX| | | Total paid-in capital| | | XXX| | Retained earnings| | | XXX| | Total paid-in capital and retained earnings| | | XXX| | Less: Treasury stock, at cost| | | (XXX)| | Total stockholders’ equity| | | | XXX| Total liabilities and stockholders’ quity| | | | $XXX| 7. Current assets| | | | Cash| | $ 92,000*| | Less: Cash restricted for plant expansion| | 50,000| $ 42,000| Equity investments (fair value) (cost, $31,000)| | | 29,000| Accounts receivable (of which $50,000 is pledged as collateral on a bank loan)| | 161,000| | Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts| | 12,000| 149,000| Interest receivable [($40,000 X 6%) X 8/12]| | | 1,600| Inventory (lower-of-cost ( determined using LIFO)-or-market)| | | | Finished goods| | 52,000| | Work-in-process| | 34,000| | Raw materials| | 187,000| 273,000| Total current assets| | | $494,600| 8. a. Dividends payable of $1,900,000 will be reported as a current liability [(1,000,000 – 50,000) X $2. 00] b. Bonds payable of $25,000,000 and interest payable of $2,500,000 ($100,000,000 X 10% X 3/12) will be reported as a current liability. Bonds payable of $75,000,000 will be reported as a long-term liability. c. Customer advances of $17,000,000 will be reported as a current liability ($12,000,000 + $30,000,000 – $25,000,000). 12. VIVALDI CORPORATION| Balance Sheet| December 31, 2012| Assets| Current assets| | | | Cash| | $197,000| | Debt investments| | 153,000| | Accounts receivable| $435,000| | | Less: Allowance for doubtfulaccounts| 25,000| 410,000| | Inventory| | 597,000| | Total current assets| | | $1,357,000| | | | | Long-term investments| | | | Debt investments| | 299,000| | Equity investments| | 277,000| | Total long-term investments| | | 576,000| | | | | Property, plant, and equipment| | | | Land| | 260,000| | Buildings| 1,040,000| | | Less: Accum. depreciation| 352,000| 688,000| | Equipment| 600,000| | | Less: Accum. epreciation| 60,000| 540,000| | Total property, plant, and equipment| | | 1,488,000| | | | | Intangible assets| | | | Franchises| | 160,000| | Patents| | 195,000| | Total intangible assets| | | 355,000| Total assets| | | $3,776,000| Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity| Current liabilities| | | | Accounts payable| | $ 455,000| | Notes payable (short-term)| | 90,000| | Dividends payable| | 136,000| | Accrued liabilities| | 96,000| | To tal current liabilities| | | $ 777,000| | | | | Long-term debt| | | | Bonds payable| | 1,000,000| | Notes payable (long-term)| | 900,000| | Total long-term liabilities| | | 1,900,000| Total liabilities| | | 2,677,000| | | | | Stockholders’ equity| | | | Paid-in capital| | | | Common stock ($5 par)| $1,000,000| | | Paid-in capital in excess of par| 80,000| 1,080,000| | Retained earnings*| | 210,000| | Total paid-in capital and retained earnings| | 1,290,000| | Less: Treasury stock| | 191,000| | Total stockholders’ equity| | | 1,099,000| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity| | | $3,776,000| | | Sales| | $7,900,000| Investment revenue| | 63,000| Extraordinary gain| | 80,000| Cost of goods sold| | (4,800,000)| Selling expenses| | (2,000,000)| Administrative expenses| | (900,000)| Interest expense| | (211,000)| Net income| | $ 132,000| | | | Beginning retained earnings| | $ 78,000| Net income| | 132,000| Ending retained earnings| | $ 210,000| Or ending retained earnings can be computed as follows: Total stockholders’ equity| | $1,099,000| Add:Treasury s tock| | 191,000| Less: Paid-in capital| | 1,080,000| Ending retained earnings| | $ 210,000| How to cite Intermediate Accounting 14th Chapter 5, Essay examples